Conditions That PEMF Treats

PEMF is a non-invasive and safe therapy that uses pulsating electromagnetic fields to stimulate the body’s natural healing processes at a cellular level. This article will discuss the various conditions that can be treated with PEMF therapy, including cancer, chronic pain, inflammation, osteoarthritis, neuropathy, MS, stroke, wound healing, and more.

 

Cancer

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and current treatments are often associated with significant side effects and limited success rates. As a result, there is a pressing need for new therapeutic approaches.

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy offers several potential benefits, including its non-invasive nature, safety, lack of toxicity for healthy cells, and potential for use in combination with other treatments. Research has already demonstrated the potential of PEMF stimulation for various cancer types, both in laboratory studies and animal models. However, the use of PEMF in cancer treatment in humans is limited so far.

Scientists have studied PEMF therapy extensively using various human cancer cell lines, including breast cancer, colon cancer, and pheochromocytoma‐derived (PC12) (1). The studies show that PEMF therapy can inhibit cancer cell growth, disrupt mitotic spindles, prevent the formation of new blood vessels that supply tumors, and increase genetic instability in cancer cells.

Unlike chemotherapy, which affects all rapidly dividing cells, PEMFs selectively target cancer cells, making it a promising therapy.

Researchers also found that daily use of PEMF therapy slowed the growth of a human breast cancer xenograft by reducing blood vessel growth and causing larger areas of cell death and lack of oxygen in the tumor. They also noted that PEMF therapy, when used after a standard course of ionizing radiation, continued to slow down tumor growth for two weeks.

However, this therapy also led to larger areas of the tumor lacking oxygen, which may reduce the effectiveness of future treatments that rely on oxygen. They concluded that PEMF therapy is a beneficial supplement to radiation therapy.

However, it must be halted for a few days before the next round of radiation to enable blood vessel growth and enhance oxygenation in the tumor (2).

 

Inflammation

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy is an innovative approach to regulating inflammation, which may impact tissue regeneration. PEMF therapy regulates the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during various stages of the inflammatory response, thereby modulating the inflammatory processes (3).

Encouraging results from studies on animal and human tissues suggest that PEMF therapy could serve as an alternative or complementary treatment to pharmaceutical therapies. As such, PEMF therapy could offer a unique non-pharmaceutical method of regulating inflammation in injured tissues, leading to improved functional recovery.

Another study investigated the effect of PEMF therapy on cells that are important for inflammation in skin injuries (4). Experts found that after two hours of PEMF treatment, the cells showed changes in the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding enzymes that remove waste and reactive molecules, which are harmful to cells.

The cells also showed an increase in mRNA encoding enzymes involved in producing molecules that help reduce inflammation. Researchers also observed a decrease in the mRNA levels of some cytokines, which are molecules that can promote inflammation.

Based on these results, PEMF therapy could help to reduce inflammation by promoting changes in gene expression that can prevent and resolve inflammation.

In COVID-19 patients, cytokines – chemicals produced by cells in the body that can cause inflammation – can lead to severe breathing difficulties by inflaming the lungs. The use of photobiomodulation (light therapy) and pulsed electromagnetic field (magnetic therapy) can regulate this inflammation.

The study revealed that both therapies help reduce cytokine-induced inflammation in human cells grown in a lab (5). Thus, these therapies can potentially alleviate inflammation in COVID-19 patients and facilitate their breathing.

Furthermore, these therapies are safe with no known adverse effects. Researchers hope to test them further in clinical trials for COVID-19 patients in the hospital or at home.

 

Related Articles:

Best PEMF Devices

PEMF vs TENS

PEMF FAQS

PEMF Frequencies

Is PEMF Safe? What Are the Side Effects?

 

Diabetes and Neuropathy

In the last few decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Along with this rise, there has also been an increase in diabetic neuropathy which results in progressive pain, weakness, loss of sensation (primarily in the feet), and disability.

Conventional therapy has focused on managing diabetes and reducing pain. Clinical trials have evaluated the effectiveness of PEMF therapy in managing symptoms and improving nerve function in these patients.

A study in India evaluated the effects of a low-power, low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. The study was a randomized controlled trial with 30 participants divided into three groups.

The first and second groups received low-power PEMF of 600 and 800 Hz, respectively, for 30 minutes a day for 12 consecutive days. The third or control group received only the usual medical treatment for diabetic polyneuropathy.

The researchers observed a significant reduction in pain and improvement in nerve conduction parameters, specifically distal latency and nerve conduction velocity, in the experimental groups. The study suggests that low-frequency PEMF could be used as an adjunct therapy to reduce neuropathic pain and retard the progression of neuropathy in a short time (6).

In another study, researchers investigated whether PEMF therapy has the potential to alleviate peripheral neuropathic symptoms in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ). They divided adult male Sprague-Dawley rats into three weight-matched groups – a non-diabetic control group, a diabetes mellitus group exposed to 15 Hz PEMF for 8 hours daily for 7 weeks, and a diabetes mellitus group with sham PEMF exposure.

Behavioral assays, ultrastructural examinations, and immunohistochemical studies were conducted to check the signs and symptoms of DPN in STZ-treated rats. The study found that PEMF therapy did not affect hyperglycemia or weight loss but attenuated the development of abnormalities. The results suggest that PEMF therapy could be a beneficial therapeutic tool for DPN treatment (7).

Another study investigated the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Thirty patients were divided into two groups – one receiving PEMF and traditional physical therapy and the other receiving traditional physical therapy only.

The researchers conducted the treatment three times a week for four weeks and measured pain intensity and peroneal nerve conduction velocity before and after the treatment. Both groups experienced a significant reduction in pain intensity and an improvement in nerve conduction velocity, with slightly better results in the PEMF group (8).

The authors concluded that combining PEMF with traditional physical therapy could effectively treat diabetic neuropathy symptoms.

 

 

Osteoporosis

Researchers consider osteoporosis (OP) a well-defined disease that causes high morbidity and mortality. It significantly increases the risk of fragility fractures in patients with low bone mass and fragile bone strength.

Various anabolic and antiresorptive therapies have been utilized to maintain healthy bone mass and strength in patients diagnosed with OP. Additionally, doctors use pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) to treat patients with delayed fracture healing and non-unions.

In one study, researchers subjected 20 osteoporosis-prone women’s non-dominant forearms to a 72 Hz PEMF for 10 hours daily over a 12-week period (9). They used a Norland-Cameron bone mineral analyzer to check bone density before, during, and after exposure treatment.

The study found a significant increase in the bone mineral densities of the treated radii during the exposure period, followed by a decrease in the following 36 weeks. The opposite arm displayed a weaker response, possibly due to proximity to the device or weak general field effects.

They concluded that PEMF, when properly applied and scaled for whole-body use, could have clinical applications in preventing and treating osteoporosis.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a chronic disease that’s common and expensive to treat. Physical therapy, like pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF), is often used instead of long-term drug therapy because it’s safer.

To see if PEMF is effective and safe, experts reviewed many studies. They looked at bone density, pain, and specific blood markers.

Researchers found that 19 studies with 1,303 patients showed PEMF combined with conventional medications increased bone density in different body parts and improved bone markers. It also helped with the pain.

Compared to conventional medications, PEMF increased bone density in the femur and improved pain, but it didn’t make a difference in the lumbar spine (10). PEMF is a safe and potentially effective complementary therapy for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Patients with type 2 diabetes experience impaired bone quality, which increases their risk of fractures. Substantial evidence has demonstrated that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) can resist osteopenia or osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency.

However, the effects of PEMF on osteopenia or osteoporosis associated with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, are poorly understood.

According to a study, exposure to PEMF for 12 weeks improved the microarchitecture of both cancellous and cortical bone in mice exhibiting diabetic symptoms (11). Biomechanical testing showed that PEMF enhanced the overall structural and material properties of the bone.

The study also revealed that PEMF significantly increased bone formation in mice, as indicated by elevated levels of serum osteocalcin and bone mineral apposition rate. However, no notable changes in bone resorption were observed as a result of PEMF exposure.

PEMF increased the production of specific genes related to the growth of bone-forming cells in the tibia of diabetic mice. There was no effect on the genes regulating bone-breaking cells. The findings suggest that PEMF might become a clinically applicable treatment modality for improving bone quality in patients with type 2 diabetes.

 

Back Pain

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) therapy has demonstrated significant clinical benefits in several musculoskeletal conditions, including low back pain – a prevalent condition worldwide.

Two independent investigators conducted a comprehensive database search from January 2005 to August 2015 using Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and other databases to evaluate the effectiveness of PEMF therapy in reducing pain and clinical symptomatology in patients with low back pathological conditions (12).

The studies showed heterogeneity in intervention protocols, but the effect sizes indicated a clear tendency towards reducing pain intensity in the PEMF groups, reaching a minimal clinically important difference.

PEMF therapy appears to relieve pain intensity and improve functionality in individuals with low back pain conditions. However, further research with standardized protocols, larger samples, and adjustment for low back pain confounders is necessary to achieve better conclusions.

Another study compared the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, with a frequency of 50 Hz and low intensity of 20 Gauss, to conventional non-invasive treatments in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (13).

Fifty participants with non-specific low back pain were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the conventional physical therapy protocol and magnetic field therapy, while the control group received the same conventional PT and sham electromagnetic field.

Both groups underwent 12 sessions over a four-week period. The primary outcome measure was pain intensity. Disability and lumbar range of motion (ROM) were also noted as secondary outcome measures. No adverse events were reported during the study.

The study found significant differences between the two groups in pain scores, functional disability, and ROM of lumbar flexion, extension, right and left side bending, all in favor of the experimental group.

These results suggest that adding pulsed electromagnetic field therapy to the conventional physical therapy protocol can lead to better clinical outcomes in terms of pain relief, functional disability, and lumbar ROM in patients with non-specific low back pain compared to conventional physical therapy alone.

 

Osteoarthritis and Knee Pain

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative musculoskeletal disorder that poses a significant challenge due to its high prevalence, particularly among the elderly, with >40% suffering from knee OA. OA is a progressive disease that causes acute pain and loss of mobility, and currently, there is no cure.

While pharmacological treatment and regenerative technologies, such as stem cell therapy, are being developed, they are often expensive and have side effects. Therefore, developing cost-effective therapeutic options for OA is crucial.

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been used to treat knee OA with varying degrees of success. One study found that non-thermal, non-invasive PEMF can help relieve pain in early knee OA (14).

Another study aimed to determine the efficacy of PEMF therapy compared to therapeutic ultrasound (US) and control when reducing pain and improving function in knee OA (15). Both PEMF and the therapeutic US were significantly more effective than no treatment. Therefore, PEMF could be a viable and effective alternative therapy approach for knee OA.

The efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) in managing knee OA has been studied in several reviews. However, these reviews produced conflicting conclusions about its effectiveness in reducing pain and improving function.

Researchers analyzed fourteen trials involving 482 patients in the treatment group and 448 patients in the placebo group. Results showed that PEMF is significantly more effective than the placebo at 4 and 8 weeks in reducing pain.

PEMF also improved function 8 weeks after treatment initiation. There was no significant association between PEMF use and adverse effects (16).

However, 21.4% of trials applied electromagnetic field intensity over the levels recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. The present study suggests that PEMF is effective in managing knee OA, but more well-controlled trials with adequate methodology are needed to evaluate its efficacy conclusively.

One review even examined how PEMF could be therapeutically applied to treat both osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The review analyzed various studies, including animal models of arthritis, cell culture systems, and clinical trials.

The analysis conclusively showed that PEMF not only relieves pain in arthritis patients but also provides chondroprotection, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and promotes bone remodeling. These findings suggest that PEMF could be a viable alternative for arthritis therapy (17).

 

Lyme Disease

PEMF therapy has been a potential treatment option for individuals with Lyme disease for a long time. This therapy can help alleviate pain, improve circulation to counteract any heart-related issues, and reduce inflammation in a natural way.

PEMF therapy can also optimize cellular function, allowing the body to function at its optimal state, which may help fight against any infection, condition, or ailment. While PEMF therapy may be a helpful addition to a comprehensive Lyme disease treatment plan, it should be discussed with a healthcare provider to ensure it is safe and effective for each individual’s unique needs.

There is currently no reliable study that has conclusively shown the effectiveness of PEMF therapy for Lyme disease.

 

Migraines

PEMF is effective in treating migraines, as it aims to restore normal brain function while reducing inflammation caused by migraines, which are essentially electrical storms in the brain. The electrical brainstorm can cause pain in the forehead, eyes, temples, sinuses, and neck.

Additionally, individuals may experience difficulty tolerating light (photophobia), dizziness or vertigo, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus).

According to a study published in the Journal of Neurological Sciences, electromagnetic fields at 2-12 Hz can affect behavior and alter brain electrical activity in animals and humans (18).

The results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of impulse magnetic-field therapy reported in Advances in Therapy were also encouraging for migraine sufferers, as 76% of patients in the active-treatment group experienced relief of their complaints (19).

A study published in 2016 looked into the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on refractory migraine headaches. After two weeks, the active group demonstrated a significant improvement in their headache days, durations, and work-loss hours due to headaches compared to the placebo group.

On top of these positive effects, there’s also an improvement in the amount of medication after a 4-8 month period. The study concluded that PEMF can be considered a beneficial and persistent prophylactic treatment option for refractory migraines (20).

 

Sleep

Studies have shown that electromagnetic fields can impact the human brain and sleep. In a recent study, researchers investigated the effectiveness of the Schumann resonance (SR) electromagnetic field on symptoms of nocturia, quality of life, and sleep in patients with the condition (21).

The study was randomized, open-label, and active-controlled, with 35 participants assigned to two groups. Group A received oxybutynin and the SR device for 12 weeks, while the active-control group only received the medication. Patients were assessed every four weeks using several questionnaires.

Results showed that electromagnetic field (SR) as an add-on therapy improved sleep, quality of life, and nocturia symptoms in patients with the condition.

These findings suggest that SR could be an effective treatment option for sleep disturbances secondary to physical illness, highlighting a new potential application of electromagnetic fields.

Another group of researchers evaluated the effectiveness of impulse magnetic-field therapy for insomnia in a 4-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. They randomly assigned 101 patients to receive either active treatment (50) or a placebo (51).

Of the patients who received active treatment, 70% (34) experienced significant or complete relief of their symptoms, while 24% (12) reported noticeable improvement, and 6% (3) observed slight improvement (22).

 

Stress

Although researchers have found that PEMF therapy can reduce stress, depression, and anxiety disorders, including PTSD, by stimulating cells in the body with low-frequency electromagnetic waves, more clinical studies are needed to establish its efficacy in these conditions.

PEMF therapy is a non-invasive and drug-free treatment option that can be used alone or with other treatments, such as CBT, meditation, or exercise. Additionally, PEMF therapy has few reported side effects and is generally considered safe and well-tolerated.

 

Injury, Recovery, and Healing

PEMF works by applying low-frequency electromagnetic waves to cells, which leads to improved cell function and health.

The waves penetrate the cells and stimulate their natural electrical fields, leading to improved circulation, reduced inflammation, and increased energy production. PEMF improves circulation and cellular function by increasing the body’s ability to release nitric oxygen.

This healing mechanism is important after injuries and may help decrease inflammation (23). This helps to improve the overall functioning of the cells, tissues, and organs, leading to better health and well-being.

 

Multiple Sclerosis

Experts have explored the potential for pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) to help manage MS by impacting neurological tissue at a fundamental level. However, results from studies have been inconsistent.

One randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 117 patients with clinically definite MS found that exposure to weak electromagnetic fields can alleviate MS symptoms (24). However, the effects were small.

Further research is required to determine if ambulatory patients and those taking interferons may be more responsive to this type of treatment.

A different study concluded that people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) did not experience significant changes in fatigue, gait performance, depression severity, and quality of life with low-frequency PEMF therapy (25).

 

Stroke

Cerebral stroke is a major cause of death and disability. However, current treatment options are limited. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been studied as a potential treatment for ischemic stroke (26).

Although the number of studies is limited, evidence shows that EMFs can affect processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and oxygen production in cells like neurons and astrocytes.

Animal studies have shown improvements in neurological recovery, infarct size, and edema. Small clinical studies have indicated the safety and beneficial effects of EMF treatment in acute and chronic stages of stroke.

Further research, especially with other comorbidity factors in patients, such as hypertension or diabetes, is highly needed to understand the potential of EMF treatment in stroke patients.

 

Why do I Need Treatment at a Cellular Level?

PEMF therapy works by stimulating the body’s cells at a cellular level to promote healing and recovery. The therapy uses pulsating electromagnetic fields to penetrate deep into the body’s tissues and stimulate cellular activity.

At a cellular level, PEMF therapy has been shown to promote various cellular processes, such as ATP production, cell membrane permeability, and calcium transport. These processes are essential for maintaining optimal cellular health, and when disrupted, they can lead to cellular dysfunction and various health problems.

By promoting these cellular processes, PEMF therapy can help improve cellular health and function, leading to a wide range of benefits, such as reduced pain and inflammation, improved circulation, and enhanced tissue repair.

Moreover, PEMF therapy can also help address underlying cellular dysfunction contributing to chronic health conditions such as osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain.

 

References:

1. Vadalà, Maria, et al. “Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effectiveness of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Oncology.” Cancer Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Nov. 2016, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5119968/.
2. Cameron, Ivan L., et al. “Daily Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis via the Hypoxia Driven Pathway: Therapeutic Implications.” American Association for Cancer Research, American Association for Cancer Research, 1 May 2005, https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/65/9_Supplement/287/519343/Daily-Pulsed-Electromagnetic-Field-PEMF-therapy.
3. Ross, Christina L, et al. “The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field to Modulate Inflammation and Improve Tissue Regeneration: A Review.” Bioelectricity, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Dec. 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8370292/.
4. Kubat, Nicole J, et al. “Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Treatment on Programmed Resolution of Inflammation Pathway Markers in Human Cells in Culture.” Journal of Inflammation Research, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 23 Feb. 2015, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4346366/.
5. Authors, All, et al. “Therapeutic Application of Light and Electromagnetic Fields to Reduce Hyper-Inflammation Triggered by COVID-19.” Taylor & Francis, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420889.2021.1911413.
6. Graak, Vinay, et al. “Evaluation of the Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field in the Management of Patients with Diabetic Polyneuropathy.” International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 2009, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2812751/.
7. Lei, Tao, et al. “Therapeutic Effects of 15 Hz Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Treated Rats.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0061414.
8. Battecha, Kadrya. “Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Pain and Nerve Conduction Velocity in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy – Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy.” SpringerOpen, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 6 July 2017, https://bfpt.springeropen.com/articles/10.4103/1110-6611.209877.
9. Tabrah F;Hoffmeier M;Gilbert F;Batkin S;Bassett CA; “Bone Density Changes in Osteoporosis-Prone Women Exposed to Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (Pemfs).” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2195843/.
10. Pulse Electromagnetic Field for Treating Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A … https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.22419.
11. Li, Jianjun, et al. “Effects of Low-Intensity Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Bone Microarchitecture, Mechanical Strength and Bone Turnover in Type 2 Diabetic Db/DB Mice.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 7 Sept. 2017, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-11090-7.
12. Andrade R;Duarte H;Pereira R;Lopes I;Pereira H;Rocha R;Espregueira-Mendes J; “Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Effectiveness in Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Porto Biomedical Journal, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32258569/.
13. Elshiwi, Ahmed Mohamed, et al. “Effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Nonspecific Low Back Pain Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6531640/.
14. Nelson, F., et al. “Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Field Therapy Produces Rapid and Substantial Pain Reduction in Early Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study.” Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Elsevier, 1 Apr. 2012, https://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063-4584(12)00337-8/fulltext.
15. Külcü, Duygu Geler, et al. “Short-Term Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Pain and Functional Level in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study.” Archives of Rheumatology, Turkish League Against Rheumatism, 1 Jan. 1970, https://archivesofrheumatology.org/full-text/311.
16. Academic.oup.com, https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/52/5/815/1815326.
17. Ganesan K;Gengadharan AC;Balachandran C;Manohar BM;Puvanakrishnan R; “Low Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Field–a Viable Alternative Therapy for Arthritis.” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20329696/.
18. Author links open overlay panelGlenn B. Bell a, et al. “Frequency-Specific Responses in the Human Brain Caused by Electromagnetic Fields.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Elsevier, 19 Mar. 2003, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022510X94901996.
19. Impulse Magnetic-Field Therapy for Migraine and Other Headaches: A … https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225442402_Impulse_magnetic-field_therapy_for_migraine_and_other_headaches_A_double-blind_placebo-controlled_study.
20. The Efficiency of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field in Refractory Migraine … https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294484114_The_efficiency_of_pulsed_electromagnetic_field_in_refractory_migraine_headaches_a_randomized_single-blinded_placebo-controlled_parallel_group.
21. Chen, Shin-Hong, et al. “The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Sleep of Patients with Nocturia.” Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 12 Aug. 2022, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9371528/.
22. J;, Pelka RB;Jaenicke C;Gruenwald. “Impulse Magnetic-Field Therapy for Insomnia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Advances in Therapy, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11697020/.
23. RH;, Funk. “Coupling of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) Therapy to Molecular Grounds of the Cell.” American Journal of Translational Research, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29887943/.
24. ED;, Lappin MS;Lawrie FW;Richards TL;Kramer. “Effects of a Pulsed Electromagnetic Therapy on Multiple Sclerosis Fatigue and Quality of Life: A Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12868251/.
25. Granja-Domínguez A;Hochsprung A;Luque-Moreno C;Magni E;Escudero-Uribe S;Heredia-Camacho B;Izquierdo-Ayuso G;Heredia-Rizo AM; “Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Fatigue, Walking Performance, Depression, and Quality of Life in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.” Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36283240/.
26. Moya Gómez, Amanda, et al. “Electromagnetic Field as a Treatment for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke.” Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 7 Sept. 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8453690/.